Miami becomes the 59th of the 100 most populous cities to establish mayoral term limits
On Nov. 4, Miami, Florida, became the 59th of the 100 most populous cities in the country to limit the terms of its mayor after the voters approved Referendum 4. Voters approved the measure 79% to 21%.
Fifty-nine of the top 100 most populous U.S. cities have some kind of mayoral term limit:
- In 30 cities, mayors can serve two consecutive four-year terms and then may run again after a four-year break.
- In eight cities, including Miami, mayors can serve two four-year terms.
- In seven cities, mayors can serve three consecutive four-year terms and can run again after a four-year break.
- In four cities, mayors can serve four-year terms with a 12-year lifetime limit.
- Ten cities have other term limits for mayors.
Seventeen cities have lifetime limits, and 42 cities allow mayors to run again after a specific amount of time. Among the cities with lifetime term limits:
- Mayors in eight cities can serve two four-year terms
- Mayors in five cities can serve three four-year terms
- Four cities have some other lifetime term limit
Click here and here to see our lists of statewide and local ballot measures related to term limits.
Eight marijuana and psychedelics-related ballot measures could be on the ballot in 2026
In 2026, voters in six states may decide on marijuana and psychedelic-related measures. One measure has been certified for the Nov. 3 ballot in Idaho. Similar measures may also be on the Nov. 3 ballot in Alaska, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nebraska, and Washington.
Currently, 40 states have medical marijuana programs, and 24 have legalized the possession and use of marijuana for recreational purposes. According to Psychedelic Alpha, Oregon, Colorado, and New Mexico allow the use of psychedelics for medical purposes.
Between 1972 and 2025, voters decided 83 measures related to marijuana and three measures related to psychedelics. During that period, voters approved 51 of the 83 marijuana-related measures and defeated 32. Of the psychedelics-related measures, voters approved two and defeated one.
Three states certify 2026 ballot measures on citizenship voting requirements
In 2026, voters in up to seven states could decide on ballot measures establishing citizenship voting requirements in elections. Three states have already certified their measures for the ballot. There are proposed measures in four more states. These include citizen initiatives that have been cleared for signature gathering and legislative referrals that require additional votes.
As of November 2025, no state constitutions explicitly allowed noncitizens to vote in state or local elections and 18 states explicitly prohibit noncitizen voting in their constitutions.
Measures have been certified in Arkansas, Kansas, and South Dakota. All three measures are legislatively-referred constitutional amendments, meaning each state’s respective legislature put them on the ballot.
Campaigns for measures related to citizenship voting requirements are targeting the November 2026 ballot in Alaska, California, Michigan, and West Virginia.